Thermal type flow sensor

ABSTRACT

A thermal type flow sensor measures a flow rate of a fluid by means of a heat resistive element having a temperature dependency. The sensor is comprised of: plural heat resistive elements used for a flow rate measurement; and a driver circuit for controlling a current applied to these heat resistive elements to cause their heating. The driver circuit is configured to sense a resistance change of a lower-temperature side heat resistive element among the plural heat resistive elements and to control the current to be applied to the plural heat resistive elements in accordance with a sensed value of the lower-resistance&#39;s variation.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

The present application claims priority from Japanese application serialno. 2006-027221, filed on Feb. 3, 2006, and is a continuationapplication of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/627,111, filed Jan. 25,2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by references intothis application.

BACKGROUND ART

The present invention relates to a thermal type flow sensor thatmeasures a flow rate of a fluid such as air flow by using a heatresistive element (temperature sensitive resistive element) having atemperature dependency.

The thermal type flow sensor controls a current flowing through a heatresistive element so as to maintain a temperature difference between theheat resistive element whose heat is taken away with the fluid to bemeasured and a temperature compensation resistor a constant temperaturedifference. In order to carry out the current control, the thermal typeflow sensor includes a bridge circuit with the heat resistive elementand the temperature compensation resistive element and a driver circuitwhich controls the current flowing through the bridge circuit so that apotential difference between two middle points of the bridge circuitbecomes zero. The driver circuit comprises a differential amplifiercircuit and a transistor.

The thermal type flow sensor is suitable for a sensor that measures aintake air flow rate of, for example, a vehicle engine because thethermal type flow sensor is capable of directly measuring a mass flowrate. In addition, a thermal type flow sensor of the substrate type isknown recently. This type flow sensor has temperature sensitiveresistive elements such as a heat resistive element and a temperaturecompensation resistive element, which are micro-processed on asemiconductor substrate made of silicon or the like through amicromachining technique. Attention is paid to the thermal type flowsensor of the silicon substrate type because of the small size, the lowpower consumption, and the low costs.

The thermal type flow sensor of the silicon substrate type is disclosedin, for example, JP-A 2004-012358 and JP-A 2004-340936.

In the disclosure of the publications, all of the resistors in thebridge circuit are formed of resistive elements of the same material onthe same substrate. As a result, the resistive elements that constitutethe bridge circuit is have the same characteristics. As those resistiveelements may vary with time at the same rate if the conditions are same,the total balance of the bridge circuit may not vary. Therefore, it ispossible to maintain a precision in the measurement for a long period oftime.

However, in the bridge circuit of the thermal type flow sensor, thereare various resistive elements with different heat conditionsrespectively, for example, one of which is a heat resistive element thatheats at a high temperature, and the other is a resistive element(temperature sensitive resistive element) that is used substantially ata room temperature. As a generally trend, the heat resistive elementbecome thermally deteriorated as the element is used, and is liable tobe deteriorated as compared with the remaining resistive element.Accordingly, the characteristics of the sensor may be varied with time.The deterioration of the heat resistive element causes the bridgebalance to be varied. The above phenomenon leads to an error in thetemperature difference control of the resistive element and thedeterioration of a precision in the flow rate measurement.

A sensor disclosed in JP-A 2004-340936 is configured to sense thetemperature of the heat resistive element indirectly by the aid of thetemperature sensitive resistive element that is disposed in the vicinityof the heat resistive element, so that the temperature of the heatresistive element is controlled on the basis of the indirectly sensedtemperature value. In this case, because the temperature sensitiveresistive element for the temperature sensing element is lower in thetemperature than the heat resistive element, it is possible to reducethe thermal deterioration of the temperature sensitive resistiveelement. However, in the above configuration, because a thermaltransmission delay from the heat resistive element to the temperaturesensitive resistive element occurs, a response is delayed as much. Also,because a reference power supply is used for a driver circuit, thesensor is affected by a fluctuation of the reference power supply.

Also, the characteristic variation of the sensor is caused by a stressof the mounted member. Most of the thermal type flow sensors have asensor element fixed with an adhesive. Also, a sealant such as an epoxyresin is used to protect wire bonding for taking out an electric signalfrom the sensor element.

The above adhesive and sealant expand and contract due to a change inthe surrounding temperature, and give a stress to the sensor element.When the stress occurs in the sensor element, a stress is exerted on theresistive elements being formed on the sensor element, and theresistance value of the resistive varies. Also, the degree of thegenerated stress varies with time. In particular, in the case of theresistive element being formed of a semiconductor such as silicon, thepiezoelectric resistance coefficient is large, and the resistancevariation rate is large. The above resistance variation causes thedeterioration of the measurement precision.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is to provide a thermal type flow sensor capableof reducing the thermal deterioration of the resistive element whilemaintaining the response of the sensor element, and maintaining theexcellent measurement precision for a long period of time, or to providea thermal type flow sensor capable of maintaining the measurementprecision for a long period of time with a reduction in the influence ofthe stress that is applied to the sensor element.

The thermal type flow sensor according to the present invention solvesthe above problems by the following means.

(1) First, in order to reduce the characteristic fluctuation due to thedeterioration of the heat resistive element, the following flow sensorof the thermal type resistive element is proposed.

The flow sensor includes plural heat resistive elements and a drivercircuit for controlling a heating current to be applied to the heatresistive elements. The driver circuit is configured to sense aresistance change of a lower-temperature side heat resistive elementamong the plural heat resistive elements and to the heating current tobe applied to the plural resistive elements in accordance with a sensedvalue of the lower-resistance's change.

The thermal type flow sensor makes the resistive element generate heatto measure the flow rate. The resistive element becomes larger in theresistance deterioration as the resistive element is heated at a highertemperature. It is not preferable to set the temperature of the heatresistive element to be low in order to reduce the deterioration becausethe sensitivity of the sensor is deteriorated.

On the contrary, the present invention senses the resistance change ofthe lower-side resistive element among the plural heat resistiveelements and controls the current of the entire heat resistive elements.Therefore, it is possible to suppress the thermal deterioration of therelatively low heat resistive element for conducting the current controlwhile the thermal value of the entire heat resistive elements issufficiently ensured.

(2) Also, the thermal type flow sensor having the followingconfiguration is proposed.

The flow sensor also includes plural heat resistive elements and adriver circuit for controlling a heating current to be applied to theheat resistive elements. The plural heat resistive elements are arrangedin a flow passage of a fluid to be measured. The driver circuit isconfigured to sense a resistance change of an off-center heat resistiveelement in an arrangement of the plural heat resistive elements and tocontrol the current to be applied to the plural heat resistive elementsin accordance with a sensed value of the off-center resistance's change.

The plural heat resistive elements thus arranged have the temperaturedistribution in which the center position of the arrangement is at ahigher temperature whereas the off-center thereof (outer side of thecenter) is at a lower temperature. Therefore, the resistancedeterioration becomes larger toward the center portion of the heatresistive element arrangement. According to the configuration of thepresent invention, the resistance change (resistance change according tothe flow rate) of the lower-temperature side heat resistive elementbeing positioned at the outer side among the plural heat resistiveelements is taken in as an electric signal. The current to be applied tothe plural heat resistive elements is controlled on the basis of theelectric signal to control the temperature of the lower-temperature sideheat resistive elements. Alternatively, the same advantages are obtainedeven when using one heat resistive element for outputting the electricsignal instead of the plural heat resistive element, by configuration inwhich the electric terminals is provided so as to output the electricsignal from relatively low-temperature side portion positioned at outerside in the heat resistive element.

(3) The preferable resistive element circuit that is used in the thermaltype flow sensor of the above items (1) and (2) will be proposed asfollows.

The thermal type flow sensor includes a first series circuit with afirst resistive element and a second resistive element, a second seriescircuit with a third resistive element and a fourth resistive element, abridge circuit that connects the first series circuit and the secondseries circuit in parallel, and a fifth resistive element that isconnected in parallel to or in series with the bridge circuit. Amongthem, any one of the first to fourth resistive elements, and the fifthresistive element are the heat resistive elements. Also, the thermaltype flow sensor senses a change in the resistance of the heat resistiveelement in the bridge circuit, and controls the heat current flowingthrough the entire heat resistive element.

In more detail, the above first to fifth resistive elements are formedon a substrate made of semiconductor such as silicon. The substrate ispartially removed to form a thin-walled portion. The first to fifthresistive elements may be made of any materials having the resistancetemperature coefficient, and more specifically, can be made of, forexample, semiconductor such as polycrystal silicon or single crystalsilicon, or metal such as platinum. For example, the first resistive andfifth resistive elements are disposed on the thin-walled portion, andthe second, the third, and the fourth resistive elements are disposed onthe substrate outside the thin-walled portion. In addition, the firstresistive element is disposed in the periphery of the fifth resistiveelement on the thin-walled portion. With the above configuration, when acurrent is supplied to the resistive elements, the first resistiveelement and the fifth resistive element since are formed on thethin-walled portion that is small in the thermal capacity, thetemperature rising is higher than that of other resistive elements.Accordingly, the first resistive element and the fifth resistive elementare mainly actuated as the heat resistive elements. Also, since thefirst resistive element is disposed in the periphery of the fifthresistive element, there is a tendency that the first resistive elementis lower in the temperature than the fifth resistive element. In otherwords, there is a tendency that the area of the fifth resistive elementthat is positioned in the center is highest in the temperature among theheat resistive elements, and the heat resistive element area in theperiphery of the area of the fifth resistive element is lower in thetemperature since the heat is liable to be escaped more than that of thecenter. In addition, when the first resistive element sets theresistance so as to be lower in the thermal power than the fifthresistive element, it is possible to increase the temperature differencebetween the first resistive element and the fifth resistive elementmore. The second, the third, and the fourth resistive elements change inthe resistance according to the temperature of the fluid to be measured.In the above configuration, the resistive element that is disposed onthe thin-walled portion is not limited to the first resistive elementand the fifth resistive element. The same configuration is obtained evenif the second resistive element and the fifth resistive element aredisposed on the thin-walled portion. In this case, the second resistiveelement and the fifth resistive element are mainly actuated as the heatresistive element, and the first, the third, and the fourth resistiveelements mainly sense the temperature of the fluid to be measured.

Alternatively, in the above circuit, the first, the fourth, and thefifth resistive elements are disposed on the thin-walled portion of thesensor element. In this case, the first and the fourth resistiveelements are disposed in the periphery of the fifth resistive element.In this case, the first, the fourth, and the fifth resistive elementsare mainly actuated as the heat resistive element, and the second andthe third resistive elements sense the temperature of the fluid to besensed.

The resistive elements to be disposed on the thin-walled portion are notlimited to the first, the fourth, and the fifth resistive elements, butthe same configuration is obtained even if the second, the third, andthe fifth resistive elements are disposed on the thin-walled portion. Inthis case, the second, the third, and the fifth resistant elements aremainly actuated as the heat resistive element, and the first and thefourth resistive elements mainly sense the temperature of the fluid tobe detected.

(4) Further, in the above configuration, the resistive elements to bedisposed outside the thin-walled portion on the sensor element, that is,plural resistive elements for sensing the temperature of the fluid to bemeasured in the bridge circuit are integrated together at substantiallythe same position on the sensor element to achieve the high precision.(5) Still further, in the case of requiring the higher precision of thesensor, a sixth resistive element that is used for adjustment isdisposed within the bridge circuit as follows. The thermal type flowsensor includes a first series circuit including the first resistiveelement, and the second resistive element and a second series circuitincluding the third resistive element, the sixth resistive element, andthe fourth resistive element. And the bridge circuit is formed byconnecting the first series circuit and the second series circuit inparallel. In addition, all of those resistive elements are made of thesame material and formed on the sensor element, and electricallyconnected to each other on the sensor element.(6) Subsequently, a description will be given of the configuration inwhich the characteristic variation is reduced in the case where a stressis applied to the sensor element.

The sensor element of the thermal type flow sensor has a resistiveelement made of metal or silicon formed on a semiconductor substrate. Inparticular, in the case where the resistive element is made of silicon(polycrystal silicon, single crystal silicon), the piezoelectricresistance coefficient of the resistive element is large, and when astress is applied to the semiconductor substrate, the resistance of theresistive element is varied.

An example in which the stress is applied as described is proposed asfollows.

An electric terminal pad that is made of, for example, aluminum isformed on the substrate of the sensor element. The electric terminal padis wire-bonded by a gold wire to take out an electric output of thesensor element. Since the pad and the gold wire are liable to be subjectto corrosion, and the strength is insufficient, the terminal pad and thegold wire are coated with a protective agent such as a resin. Thiscauses a stress to be developed in the substrate of the sensor elementdue to the expansion and contraction of the protective agent. Also, thestress is developed in the sensor element through the protective agentdue to the deformation of a member for mounting the sensor element.

In order to cope with the above problem, the resistive element and theelectric terminal pad, which are formed on the substrate, are disposedat positions apart from each other on the substrate. Also, a thin-walledportion that reduces the transmission of the stress is formed betweenthe resistive element and the electric terminal pad which are formed onthe sensor element. Hereinafter, the specific embodiments of the aboveconfiguration will be described.

In a sensor element in which a resistive element and an electricterminal pad are formed on a square shaped substrate to measure the flowrate and output an electric signal of the resistive element outside thesubstrate, when the shorter side of the sensor element is W, and thelonger side is L, the resistive element is formed at a position apartfrom the electric terminal pad by W/2 or longer. The resistive elementdescribed in the present specification defines a main portion of theresistor, and conductor routing for arranging the resistive element anda conductor for outputting an electric signal are not defined as theresistive element. Also, in the case where the bridge circuit isconfigured by the resistive elements, it is preferable that theresistive elements are connected to each other at a position apart fromthe electric terminal pad by W/2 or longer. Also, in the configurationwhere the thin-walled portion is formed on the substrate, and theresistive elements are formed on the thin-walled portion, it ispreferable to form the thin-walled portion at a position apart from theelectric terminal pad by W/2 or longer.

Alternatively, a recess portion (for example, a groove) formed byremoving a part of a wall of the substrate is formed between an area inwhich the resistive element is formed on the substrate and the electricterminal pad.

(7) Further, the resistive element that is formed on the substrate is acombined resistance of a strip resistive element R1 in which a currentflows through the longitudinal direction of the substrate (direction of“L”), and a strip resistive element Rw in which a current flows througha widthwise direction (direction of “W”), and the ratio of R1 and Rw isset as follows.

ti Rw:R1=Πt:Π1

In the expression, Π1 and Πt are piezoelectric resistance coefficients.Π1 is the resistance variation rate when the resistance is varied due tothe stress that is applied in a direction parallel to the directionalong which the current flows through the resistive element. Πt is theresistance variation rate when the resistance is varied due to thestress that is applied in a direction perpendicular to the directionalong which the current flows in the resistive element.

According to the above configuration, the thermal type flow sensor iscapable of reducing at least one of the characteristic variation due tothe deterioration of the heat resistive element due to the applicationof the stress, and of maintaining the measurement precision for a longperiod of time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a sensor element according to a firstembodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a sensor element according tothe first embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a sensor element according tothe first embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the firstembodiment.

FIG. 5 is a temperature distribution of the sensor element according tothe first embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the firstembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a plan view showing the mounting formation of the sensorelement according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the mounting formation of thesensor element according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a plan view showing the configuration of a temperaturesensitive resistive element according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the firstembodiment.

FIG. 11 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the firstembodiment.

FIG. 12 is a plan view showing a sensor element according to a thirdembodiment.

FIG. 13 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the thirdembodiment.

FIG. 14 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the thirdembodiment.

FIG. 15 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the thirdembodiment.

FIG. 16 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the thirdembodiment.

FIG. 17 is a plan view showing a sensor element according to a fourthembodiment.

FIG. 18 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to thefourth embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to thefourth embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to thefourth embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to thefourth embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a plan view showing a sensor element according to a fifthembodiment.

FIG. 23 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to the fifthembodiment.

FIG. 24 is a plan view showing a sensor element according to a sixthembodiment.

FIG. 25 is a layout diagram showing the sensor element according to thesixth embodiment.

FIG. 26 is a driver circuit of the sensor element according to a secondembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A description will be given of a thermal type flow sensor according toembodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing a sensor element of a thermaltype flow sensor according to this embodiment. FIG. 2 is a schematicdiagram taken along a section A-A in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a schematicdiagram taken along a section B-B. In those figures, a base of a sensorelement 1 is formed of a semiconductor substrate 2 such as a singlecrystal silicon (Si) plate. The semiconductor substrate 2 has a cavityportion 3 as a recess portion formed by subjecting one surface of thesemiconductor substrate 2 to anisotropic etching. The planarconfiguration of the cavity portion 3 is square. One surface of thecavity portion 3 is formed with a diaphragm (thin-walled portion) 4. Thediaphragm 4 is formed of an electric insulating film 5 that covers onesurface of the semiconductor substrate 2. The electric insulating film 5is made of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) that is produced through thermaloxidation or a CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process.

Heat resistive elements 6, 7 and temperature sensitive resistiveelements 12 a, 12 b, 13 a, 13 b are formed on the diaphragm 4.Temperature sensitive resistive elements 8, 9, and 10 are formed atplaces outside the diaphragm 4 on the substrate 2. All of thoseresistive elements are made of a material that changes the resistanceaccording to the temperature, that is, a material having a temperaturedependency. Among those heat resistive elements, as the heat resistiveelements 6 and 7 are disposed on the diaphragm (thin-walled portion) 4,it is difficult to escape the heat generated by the heat resistiveelements 6 and 7 to the external. Therefore, the heat resistive elements6 and 7 are heated at a high temperature. Other resistive elements 8, 9,and 10 outside diaphragm are kept at a relatively low temperaturebecause the generated heat is liable to be escaped through the substrate2. The temperature sensitive resistive elements 8, 9, and 10 aresensitive to an air temperature. All of the resistive elements (heatresistive elements, temperature sensitive resistive elements) are madeof, for example, polycrystal silicon. The polycrystal silicon is formedon the electric insulating film 5 through the CVD. The polycrystalsilicon is etched to form a desired resistive element pattern.

Further, polysilicon is doped with phosphor (P) through the thermaldiffusion or the ion implantation as n-type polycrystal silicon so as toobtain a desired resistance and resistance temperature coefficient. Theresistive elements according to this embodiment are formed ofpolycrystal silicon, but can be formed of any materials having theresistance temperature coefficient. For example, the resistive elementcan be made of single crystal silicon, or metal such as platinum. Inorder to protect those resistive elements, an electric insulating film11 is formed on the upper surfaces of the electric insulating film 5 andthe resistive elements. The electric insulating film 11 is made ofsilicon dioxide (SiO₂) through the CVD method or the like. Aluminumterminals 15 a to 15 d and 16 a to 16 h for connecting the respectiveresistive elements to the driver circuit are formed on the substrate.

The heat resistive elements 6 and 7 are arranged side by side in thedirection of airflow. The heat resistive element 6 is disposed in thecenter of the arrangement. The heat resistive element 7 is so patternedas to surround the three orientations of the heat resistive element 6.In other words, the heat resistive element 7 is located at a positionoutside of the arrangement. In this embodiment, the resistance change ofthe heat resistive element 7 is sensed, and the current to be applied tothe plural heat resistive elements 6 and 7 is controlled in accordancewith the sensed value of the resistance change. A driver circuit forsupplying the current will be described with reference to FIG. 4 later.

The temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a, 12 b, and 13 a, 13 bare disposed at the two sides of the heat resistive elements 6 and 7,and the arrangement coincides with an airflow direction 14 of FIG. 1.The airflow direction 14 is a direction from an air intake of a suctionpipe (not shown) of an engine toward the engine (not shown). In otherwords, the temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a and 12 b aredisposed immediately upstream from the heat resistive elements 6 and 7,and the temperature sensitive resistive elements 13 a and 13 b aredisposed immediately downstream from the heat resistive elements.

Recess portions, for example, grooves 17 a and 17 b are formed on a rearsurface of the semiconductor substrate 2. Those grooves are arrangedside-by-side between the formation area of the resistive elements (6-10,12 a, 12, 13 a, 13 b) and the formation area of the electric terminals(15 a-15 f, 16 a-16 h). The grooves 17 a and 17 b are defined byanisotropic etching as with the cavity 3.

FIG. 4( a) shows a driver circuit 21 for driving the sensor element 1.The heat resistive element 7 and the temperature sensitive resistiveelements 8, 9, 10 constitute the bridge circuit. The bridge circuit isformed by connecting a first arm (first serial circuit) with the heatresistive element 7 (first resistive element) and the temperaturesensitive resistive element 8 (second resistive element) and a secondarm (second serial circuit) with the temperature sensitive resistiveelement 9 (third resistive element) and the is temperature sensitiveresistive element 10 (fourth resistive element) in parallel. The heatresistive element 6 (fifth resistive element) is connected in parallelto the bridge circuit. An intermediate voltage between the heatresistive element 7 and the temperature sensitive resistive element 8and an intermediate voltage between the temperature sensitive resistiveelement 9 and the temperature sensitive resistive element 10 areinputted to a differential amplifier circuit 19.

The differential amplifier circuit 19 carries out a feedback control ona current (in particular, a heating current flowing through the heatresistive element 7) which flows through the bridge circuit via atransistor 20 so that the intermediate voltage difference of the bridgecircuit becomes zero. In this case, the heat resistive element 6 isapplied with a current in accordance with to the resistive ratio to thebridge circuit under control. Therefore, the heating current forobtaining the sufficient heating value is supplied to the entire heatresistive element (the heat resistive element 6 and the heat resistiveelement 7) through the transistor 20.

The heat resistive elements 6 and 7 rise in the temperature due to theheating current, and change in the resistance in accordance with thetemperature. The temperature of the heating resistive element 7 whichchanges in accordance with the air flow rate is sensed by the bridgecircuit, and the temperature difference between the heat resistiveelement 7 and the temperature sensitive resistive elements 8 and 9 arecontrolled so as to be a constant temperature ΔT.

It is defined that the resistance of the heat resistive element 7 is R7,the resistance of the temperature sensitive resistive element 8 is R8,the resistance of the temperature sensitive resistive element 9 is R9,and the resistance of the temperature sensitive resistive element 10 isR10. Here, R7, R8, R9, and R10 are resistances when no current isapplied (heated). With the above operation, the temperature of the heatresistive element 7 is determined as the following expression.

[EX.  1] $\begin{matrix}{{\Delta \; T} = \frac{\left( {{\frac{R_{8}}{R_{7}}\frac{R_{9}}{R_{10}}} - 1} \right)}{\alpha}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

In the above expression, ΔT is a temperature difference between the heatresistive element 7 and the temperature sensitive resistive elements 8,9, and 10. The temperature sensitive resistive elements 8, 9, and 10sense the temperature of the fluid to be measured. Therefore, Expression(1) expresses that the temperature of the heat resistive element 70 ishigher than the temperature of the fluid to be measured by ΔT (° C.). αof Expression (1) is the resistance temperature coefficient of the heatresistive element 7, and represents the resistance temperaturecoefficient of polycrystal silicon in this embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a temperature distribution of the diaphragm 3 when the heatresistive element 6 and the heat resistive element 7 are supplied with acurrent so as to be heated. Since the heat resistive element 7 isdisposed in the periphery of the heat resistive element 6, thetemperature T2 of the heat resistive element 7 is lower than thetemperature T1 of the heat resistive element 6. In this embodiment, theresistance change of the heat resistive element 7 is sensed by thebridge circuit. Since the temperature of the heat resistive element 7 isrelatively low, the resistance deterioration thereof is small, and thevariation of the resistance ratio (R8/R7) of the bridge circuit isreduced. As a result, the heat resistive element 6 is high in thetemperature, and the resistance deterioration is large, but theresistance ratio of the bridge circuit is not affected. Therefore, it ispossible to maintain the constant heat temperature constant for a longperiod of time.

Further, when the resistance value of the heat resistive element 6 isset so that the power consumption (heat capacity) is larger than that ofthe heat resistive element 7, the temperature difference between theheat resistive element 6 and the heat resistive element 7 becomes largewith the more advantage.

Additionally, since the heat current that flows through the heatresistive element 7 is directly sensed to control the temperature of theheat resistive element, the temperature rising time at the time of startis shortened, and the response speed is higher than that of the systemdisclosed in the above-described JP-A 2004-340936. Furthermore, sincethe reference power supply is not used for the driver circuit, such aproblem that an error occurs due to the voltage change of the referencepower supply can be avoided.

The temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a, 12 b and 13 a, 13 bsense the temperature difference between both sides (upstream,downstream) of the heat resistive elements 6 and 7 in the airflowdirection 14, and output an electric signal corresponding to the flowrate of the fluid to be measured. When a fluid flows, the temperaturesensitive resistive elements 13 a and 13 b downstream from the heatresistive element is higher in the temperature than the temperaturesensitive resistive elements 12 a and 12 b upstream thereof due to thethermal influence of the heat resistive elements 6 and 7, and the istemperature difference becomes larger as the flow rate is increasedmore. The above operation is applied in the case of the forward flow,but in the case of the reversed flow, the temperature sensitiveresistive elements 13 a, 13 b are at the upstream side, and thetemperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a and 12 b are at thedownstream side, and the temperature difference is reversed as comparedwith the case of the forward flow. In this embodiment, the flow rate issensed by using the phenomenon.

FIG. 1 shows a plan configuration of the temperature sensitive resistiveelements 12 a, 12 b, and 13 a, 13 b.

The temperature sensitive resistive elements 13 a and 13 b are identicalin form and size with the temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 aand 12 b, and both of them (13 a, 13 b and 12 a, 12 b) are symmetricallydisposed around the heat resistive elements 6 and 7.

FIG. 4( b) shows the driver circuit of the temperature sensitiveresistive elements 12 a, 12 b and 13 a, 13 b.

For example, when the fluid to be measured flows on the sensor element 1in a direction indicated by an arrow 14, the temperature sensitiveresistive elements 12 a and 12 b decreases in the temperature anddecreases in the resistance. On the contrary, the temperature sensitiveresistive elements 13 a and 13 b rise in the temperature, and increasesin the resistance. The circuit shown in FIG. 4( b) configures the bridgecircuit by the temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a, 12 b, 13a, and 13 b. A reference voltage Vref is applied to the bridge circuitto obtain a differential output from the resistance change in accordancewith the fluid to be measured. The differential output becomes a flowrate sensing signal.

According to this embodiment, since the temperature sensitive resistiveelements 12 a, 12 b and 13 a, 13 b are sensitive to the heat generatedby the heat resistive elements 6 and 7, it is possible to excellentlymaintain the sensor sensitivity. Moreover, since the current control ofthe heat resistive elements 6 and 7 is executed by the aid of thelower-temperature side heat resistive element 7 (smaller in the heatdeterioration), it is possible to reduce the performance deteriorationin the heater control of the sensor as well as the measurement.

The driver circuit of the heat resistive element according to thisembodiment can be structured, as shown in FIG. 6, so that the positionsof the heat resistive element 7 and the temperature sensitive resistiveelement 8 in the bridge circuit, and the positions of the temperaturesensitive resistive element 9 and the temperature sensitive resistiveelement 10 are reversed with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

In this embodiment, all of the heat resistive element 7, the temperaturesensitive resistive elements 8, 9, 10, and other temperature sensitiveresistive elements are made of polycrystal silicon on the semiconductorsubstrate 2. The heat resistive element 7 and the temperature sensitiveresistive element 8 are identical in the line width with each other, andalso identical in the turning angles and the number of turnings witheach other. Likewise, the temperature sensitive resistive element 9 andthe temperature sensitive resistive element 10 are made of the samematerial, and are equal to each other in the line width as well as theangle and number of turnings. Since those elements are made of the samematerial, even if the manufacturing variation occurs in the resistanceof the material, the resistance ratio of the bridge circuit is notvaried. Also, the line width and the number of turnings are set to beidentical with each other. With the above configuration, even if theline width of the resistive element is made smaller by over-etching,since those resistive elements are over-etched in substantially the samemanner to provide the same line width, the variation of the resistanceratio is small.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment in the case where the sensor element 1 (forexample semiconductor substrate 2: a first substrate) is mounted on abase plate 22 as a second substrate. The above-described sensor element1 and a driver circuit 21 for driving the sensor element 1 are mountedon the base plate 22. In FIG. 7, the details of the sensor element 1 andthe driver circuit 21 will be omitted. In order to electrically connectthe sensor element 1 and the driver circuit 21 to each other, thealuminum terminals 15 a to 15 d and 16 a to 16 h (refer to FIG. 1) whichare formed on the sensor element 1 and the electric terminals of thedriver circuit 21 are subjected to wire bonding 23 by the aid of goldwires. Also, the wire bonding 23 is protectively coated with a sealant24 such as epoxy.

FIG. 8 shows a section C-C in FIG. 7. The base plate 22 is provided witha recess portion 80 for locating the sensor element 1. The sensorelement 1 is adhered to the base plate 22 with an adhesive 25 such as asilicone adhesive. The adhesive 25 is partially coated with the sensorelement 1, and the sensor element 1 is cantilevered. The sealant 24 iscoated so as to cover over the wire bonding 23.

With the usage of the thermal type flow sensor, the contact portionsbetween the aluminum terminals 15 a to 15 d, 16 a to 16 h and theirwires for wire bonding 23 are deteriorated, and the contact resistancemay be increased. In this embodiment, the bridge circuit made up of theheat resistive element 7 and the temperature sensitive resistiveelements 8, 9, 10 has a connection thereof on the semiconductorsubstrate of the measurement element 1 (refer to connecting portions 101to 104 in FIGS. 1 and 4( a)), and a contact resistance of the wirebonding does not be included in the bridge circuit. Therefore, even ifthe wire bonding is deteriorated, and the contact resistance isincreased, the bridge balance is not changed at all. Even in the aboveconnection configuration, since the flow sensor maintains the bridgebalance in the excellent state for a long period of time, it is possibleto maintain the excellent constant temperature control of the heatresistive element for a long period of time.

In the mounting structure of the sensor element 1 as described above, astress is generated in the sensor element 1 due to the thermal expansionand the thermal contraction of the adhesive 25 or the sealant 24. In thecase where there is no attention on the above stress, the resistance ofthe temperature sensitive element (including the heat resistive element)being formed on the sensor element 1 may be varied. The grooves 17 a and17 b formed on the back surface of the sensor element 1 have a functionof relieving the above stress.

The grooves 17 a and 17 b has a function of preventing an outflow of theadhesive 25 as shown in FIG. 8, and the adhesive 25 does not outflowbeyond the groove 17 b. Also, it is possible to coat the adhesive 25 onthe back surface of the sensor element 1 in a stable configuration. Inaddition, the grooves 17 a and 17 b relieve the stress generated fromthe sealant 24 or the adhesive 25, and reduce the stress that istransferred to the resistive element on the sensor element 1. In thisembodiment, two grooves of the grooves 17 a and 17 b are exemplified,but the number of grooves can be set to one, or two or more grooves canbe defined.

The formation of the grooves 17 a and 17 b makes it possible to reducethe stress, particularly, in the longitudinal direction of the sensorelement 1 (vertical direction in FIG. 1). The stress in the widthwisedirection (horizontal direction in FIG. 1) of the sensor element 1 issolved by configuring the temperature sensitive resistive elementsformed on the sensor element 1 as follows.

The planar configuration of the temperature sensitive resistive elements12 a and 12 b according to this embodiment is shown in FIG. 9. Theplanar configuration of the temperature sensitive resistive elements 13a and 13 b are identical in the configuration with the temperaturesensitive resistive elements 12 a and 12 b, and will be omitted fromFIG. 9. Those elements 12 a, 12 b and 13 a, 13 b are symmetricalcentering on the heat resistive elements 6 and 7.

The configuration of the temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 aand 12 b has a combined resistance of a strip resistive element (R1) inwhich a current flows in the L direction in the FIG. 9 and a stripresistive element (Rw) in which a current flows in the W direction inthe figure. The resistances of R1 and Rw are expressed as follows.

Rw:R1=|Πt|:|Π1|

In this expression, Π1 and Πt are piezoelectric resistance coefficients.Π1 is a resistance variation rate when the resistance is variedaccording to the stress applied in a direction parallel to the directionalong which the current flows in the resistive element. Πt is theresistance variation rate when the resistance is varied according to thestress applied in a direction perpendicular to the direction along whichthe current flows in the resistive element. For example, in the casewhere the resistive element is made of n-type polycrystal silicon, arelationship between Π1 and Πt is expressed as follows.

Π1:Πt=−3:1

Therefore, the configuration that satisfies the following expression isgiven.

Rw:R1=1:3

In the case where a stress σw in the W direction is applied to theresistive element configured as described above, the resistancevariation ΔR1 of R1 and the resistance variation ΔRw of Rw are expressedas follows.

[EX.  2] $\begin{matrix}{{{\Delta \; R_{1}} = {\pi_{t}R_{l}\sigma_{w}}}{{\Delta \; R_{w}} = {{\pi_{l}R_{w}\sigma_{w}} = {{{- 3}\pi_{t}\frac{1}{3}R_{l}\sigma_{w}} = {{- \pi_{t}}R_{l}\sigma_{w}}}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Accordingly, the resistance variation of the temperature sensitiveresistive element 12 a becomes ΔR_(w)+ΔR₁=0, and there occurs noresistance change due to the stress σ_(w).

As described above, the stress in the longitudinal direction of thesensor element 1 is reduced by the grooves formed on the back surface ofthe sensor element, and the stress influence in the widthwise directionof the sensor element 1 can be reduced by the resistive element or otherconfigurations of the sensor element.

In this embodiment, the aluminum terminal on the sensor element 1 issubjected to the wire bonding, to thereby electrically connect theresistive element and the driver circuit to each other on the sensorelement 1.

In this embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6, the heat resistiveelement 6 is connected in parallel to the bridge circuit. Alternatively,as shown in FIG. 10, the circuit configuration can be made so that theheat resistive element 6 is connected in series between the bridgecircuit and the transistor 20. Also, as shown in FIG. 11, the circuitconfiguration can be made so that the heat resistive element 6 isconnected between the bridge circuit and the ground.

In other words, the heat resistive element driver circuit according tothe embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 comprises the first seriescircuit including the first resistive element 7 and the second resistiveelement 8, the second series circuit including the third resistiveelement 9 and the fourth resistive element 10, the bridge circuit formedby connecting the first series circuit and the second series circuit inparallel to each other, and the fifth resistive element 7 beingconnected in series with the bridge circuit.

Second Embodiment

In the above embodiment, the temperature difference between the upstreamand the downstream from the heat resistive elements (the temperaturedifference are formed by the heat resistive elements 6 and 7) is sensedby the temperature sensitive resistive elements 12 a, 12 b and 13 a, 13b, to thereby sense the flow rate. Instead, it is possible to convertthe current change that flows through the heat resistive element into anelectric signal to sense the flow rate. For example, as shown in FIG.26, the configuration of the sensor element can be proposed as follows.Namely, the sensor element is configured to sense the heating currentfor heat resistive elements at precedence position to the heat resistiveelements 6 and 7 (the precedence position is located between thetransistor 20 and the heat resistive elements 6, 7) and to convert thesensed current into a voltage to obtain an output 100. Thereby, theconfiguration makes it possible to sense the flow rate. Since thecircuit shown in FIG. 26 is identical in the configuration with thedriver circuit shown in FIG. 4( a) except for the output 100, the otherdescription will be omitted.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 12 shows a plan view of a sensor element 26 according to thisembodiment. A method of manufacturing the sensor element 26 is same asthat of the first embodiment. The sensor element 26 is provided with adiaphragm (thin-walled portion) 27 as well as the first embodiment. Heatresistive elements 28, 29, 30, and temperature sensitive resistiveelements 31 a, 31 b, 32 a, and 32 b are formed on the area of thediaphragm 27. Temperature sensitive resistive elements 33 and 34 areformed on places outside the diaphragm 27. As described above, the heatresistive element 29 corresponds to the first resistive element, theheat resistive element 30 corresponds to the fourth resistive element,and the heat resistive element 28 corresponds to the fifth resistiveelement.

FIG. 13 shows a driver circuit 35 of the sensor element 26. The bridgecircuit is configured by connecting a first series circuit with a heatresistive element 29 (first resistive element) and a temperaturesensitive resistive element 33 (second resistive element) and a secondseries circuit with a temperature sensitive resistive element 34 (thirdresistive element) and a heat resistive element 30 (fourth resistiveelement) in parallel to each other. Also, a heat resistive element 28(fifth resistive element) is connected in parallel to the bridgecircuit. A difference voltage of the bridge circuit is inputted to thedifferential amplifier 19. An output of the differential amplifier 19becomes the base voltage of the transistor 20, and the heat currentflowing through bridge circuit is subjected to feedback control as inthe above-mentioned embodiments.

In this embodiment, the heat resistive element 29 (first resistiveelement) and the heat resistive element 30 (fourth resistive element)are incorporated into the bridge circuit, and the temperatures of themare substantially identical with each other. The heat resistive element28 (fifth resistive element) sets the resistance so that the powerconsumption (heat value) is larger than that of the heat resistiveelements 29 and 30. As a result, since the heating temperature of theheat resistive elements 29 and 30 can be relatively decreased, theresistance deterioration of the heat resistive elements 29 and 30becomes small. Since the temperature control of the heat resistiveelements is performed by sensing the electric signal of the heatresistive elements 29 and 30 which are small in the resistancedeterioration as well as the first embodiment, the heat temperature canbe maintained constant for a long period of time.

In addition, since this embodiment controls the heat resistive elementsaccording to two temperature information on the heat resistive element29 and the heat resistive element 30, it is possible to perform theconstant temperature control with the high sensing sensitivity and thehigh precision. Also, as shown in FIG. 14, a circuit configuration canbe made so that an emitter of the transistor 20 is connected to aconnecting point between the temperature sensitive resistive element 33and the heat resistive element 30 of the bridge circuit, and the ground(GND) is connected to a connecting point between the heat resistiveelement 29 and the temperature sensitive resistive element 34.

In the first embodiment, as the heating current flows through the threetemperature sensitive resistive elements other than the heat resistiveelement, the power loss may become relatively large by the number of thetemperature sensitive elements. In this embodiment, because the numberof temperature sensitive resistive elements is two, the power loss isreduced to ⅔.

In this embodiment, the heat resistive element 28 (fifth resistiveelement) is connected in parallel to the bridge circuit as shown inFIGS. 13 and 14. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, a circuitconfiguration can be made so that the heat resistive element 28 isconnected in serial between the bridge circuit and the transistor 20.Also, as shown in FIG. 16, a circuit configuration can be made so thatthe heat resistive element 28 is connected to a connecting point betweenthe bridge circuit and the ground.

Fourth Embodiment

FIG. 17 shows a plan view of a sensor element 36 according to thisembodiment. A method of manufacturing the sensor element 36 is same asthat in the first embodiment. Also, the sensor element 36 is providedwith a diaphragm 37 as well as in the first embodiment. Heat resistiveelements 38, 39, 40, and 41, and temperature sensitive resistiveelements 42 a, 42 b, 43 a, and 43 b are formed on the area of thediaphragm 37. A temperature sensitive resistive element 44 is formed ata place out of the diaphragm 37.

FIG. 18 shows a driver circuit 45 of the sensor element 36. The bridgecircuit is configured by connecting a first series circuit with a heatresistive element (first resistive element) 39 and a temperaturesensitive resistive element (second resistive element) 44 and a secondseries circuit with a heat resistive element 41 (second resistiveelement) and a heat resistive element (second resistive element) 40 inparallel to each other. Also, a heat resistive element 38 (fifthresistive element) is connected in parallel to the bridge circuit. Adifference voltage of the bridge circuit is inputted to the differentialamplifier 19. An output of the differential amplifier 19 becomes thebase voltage of the transistor 20, and the heat current to be fed backto the bridge circuit is controlled.

In this embodiment, the temperatures of the heat resistive element 40and the heat resistive element 41 are substantially identical with eachother. Therefore, the temperature of the heat resistive element iscontrolled on the basis of the resistance change of the heat resistiveelement 39 of the bridge circuit. The resistance of the heat resistiveelement 38 is set so that the power consumption is larger than that ofthe heat resistive elements 39, 40, and 41. As a result, because theheat temperature of the heat resistive elements 39, 40, and 41 can berelatively decreased, the resistance deterioration of the heat resistiveelements 39, 40, and 41 becomes small. Therefore, since the heattemperature is controlled by sensing the electric signals of the heatresistive elements 39, 40, and 41 which are small in the resistancedeterioration, the heat temperature can be maintained constant for along period of time.

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 19, a circuit configuration can be madeso that the emitter of the transistor 20 is connected between the bridgeresistive element 44 and the heat resistive element 40, and the groundis connected to a connecting point between the heat resistive element 39and the heat resistive element 41.

In the first embodiment, as the heat current flows through the threetemperature sensitive resistive elements, the power loss is caused. Inthis embodiment, because the number of temperature sensitive resistiveelements is one, the power loss is reduced to ⅓ with the result that thepower consumption is further lower than that in the second embodiment.

In this embodiment, the heat resistive element 28 is connected inparallel to the bridge circuit as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19.Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 20, a circuit configuration can be madeso that the heat resistive element 38 is connected in serial between thebridge circuit and the transistor 20. Also, as shown in FIG. 21, acircuit configuration can be made so that the heat resistive element 38is connected to a connecting point between the bridge circuit and theground.

Fifth Embodiment

FIG. 22 shows a plan view of a sensor element 46 according to thisembodiment. In this embodiment, an adjustment resistor 47 is formed inthe measurement element 1 that is the same as that in the firstembodiment. The adjustment resistor 47 is formed between the resistiveelement 9 and the temperature sensitive resistive element 10 of thebridge circuit. Also, the adjustment resistor 47 is made of the samepolycrystal silicon as that of the heat resistive elements 6, 7 and thetemperature sensitive resistive elements 8, 9, and 10. Aluminumterminals 48 c and 48 d that take out an electric signal at both ends ofthe adjustment resistor 46 are formed on the substrate. The otherconfiguration is the same as that of the sensor element 1 in the firstembodiment.

FIG. 23 shows a driver circuit 49 of the sensor element 46. A seriescircuit comprising the heat resistive element 7 and the temperaturesensitive resistive element 8 is connected in parallel to a seriescircuit comprising the temperature sensitive resistive element 9, theadjustment resistor 47, and the temperature sensitive resistive element10 to form a bridge circuit. The heat resistive element 6 is connectedin parallel to the bridge circuit.

The driver circuit 49 is made up of buffers 50, 51, a multi-step seriesresistor 52, a switch 53, a differential amplifier circuit 19, atransistor 20, and a switch control circuit 54.

Buffers 50 and 51 sense the voltage across the adjustment resistiveelement 47 while eliminating an influence of the wiring resistance. Theswitch 53 variably adjusts the voltage divided ratio of the multi-stageseries resistor 52, and is made up of plural switching elements. Theswitching element can be electrically opened or closed by the aid of,for example, a MOS transistor. The switch control circuit 54 transmitsan electric signal to the switch 53 to be controlled in the open/closeoperation, and to select an arbitrary switching element.

The switching element of the switch 53 is selected so that the voltageacross the adjustment resistive element 47 is adjusted by the voltagedivided ratio of the multi-stage series resistor 53. With the aboveconfiguration, an intermediate voltage between the temperature sensitiveresistive element 9 and the temperature sensitive resistive element 10,which is inputted to the differential amplifier circuit 19, can bearbitrarily adjusted. According to this embodiment, even if theresistance of the resistive elements that configure the bridge circuitis varied, it is possible to adjust the balance.

Additionally, a current hardly flows through the wiring portion that isinputted to the buffers 50 and 51 from across adjustment resistor 47.Accordingly, the bridge circuit is not unbalanced by the contactresistance such as the wire bonding. Also, since the resistive elementsthat constitute the bridge circuit are connected to each other withinthe sensor element, no contact resistance of the wire bonding isinserted within the bridge. Accordingly, the contact resistance of thewiring bonding is not changed, and the temperature of the heat resistiveelement can be held constant under the feedback control for a longperiod of time without suffering from a change in the contact resistanceof the wire bonding.

Sixth Embodiment

FIG. 24 shows a plan view of a sensor element 55 according to thisembodiment. The sensor element 55 is mounted on the base plate on whichthe driver circuit is formed. In this situation, in order toelectrically connect the sensor element 55 and the driver circuit toeach other, a gold wire bonding is used. In order to protect the goldwire bonding, the sealant 24 such as an epoxy resin is coated on thegold wire bonding. The configuration of the sensor element 55 is thesame as that of the first embodiment.

In this embodiment, when it is defined that the lateral width of thesensor element 55 is W, the diaphragm 3, and the heat resistive elements7, 8, 9, and 10 on the sensor element 55 are formed at position apartfrom the sealant 24 that is coated so as to cover the terminal portions15 a to 15 d, and 16 a to 16 h of the sensor element 55 by a W/2 ormore.

FIG. 25 shows a layout of the measurement element 55. When the sealantis coated, a large stress is applied to particularly points a and b atboth ends of the sensor element in the widthwise direction. The stressthat is developed at the points a and b is spread toward the measurementsubstrate 55. In particular, a relatively large stress is applied to anarea d in the figure. The area d is an area of an isosceles trianglewith a base between the points a and b and with an angle of 45 degreesat the points a and b. For that reason, it is preferable that theresistive element to be formed on the substrate of the sensor element 55is formed in an area c apart from the sealant 24 by W/2 or longer. Also,in the case where the bridge circuit is formed on the resistiveelements, the connections of them are executed within the area c. Inthis embodiment, the heat resistive element 7, and the temperaturesensitive resistive elements 8, 9, and 10 constitute the bridge circuit,and are connected to each other within the area c. Likewise, thediaphragm 3 is apart from the sealant 24 by W/2 or longer.

1. A thermal type flow sensor for measuring a flow rate of a fluid,comprising: a bridge circuit including first, second, third, and fourthtemperature sensitive resistive elements and an adjustment resistorwhich have a temperature dependency by which resistance changesaccording to temperature; and an adjustment circuit that receives avoltage across the adjustment resistor and adjusts the voltage acrossthe adjustment resistor as to become an arbitrary voltage within thevoltage across the adjustment resistor; wherein an intermediate voltagebetween the third temperature sensitive resistive element and the fourthtemperature sensitive resistive element is adjusted through theadjustment circuit.
 2. The thermal type flow sensor according to claim1, wherein the adjustment circuit includes a multi-step series resistor.3. The thermal type flow sensor according to claim 2, wherein thethermal type flow sensor further comprises: a plurality of switchingelements electrically being connected to the multi-stage series resistorto change a voltage divided ratio of the multi-stage series resistor;and a switch control circuit that controls the plurality of switchingelements to variably change the voltage divided ratio of the multi-stageseries resistor.
 4. The thermal type flow sensor according to claim 1,wherein the thermal type flow sensor further comprises buffers beingprovided on input lines for inputting the voltage across the adjustmentresistor to the adjustment circuit.
 5. The thermal type flow sensoraccording to claim 1, wherein the bridge circuit is configured by acircuit in which a first series circuit comprising the first and secondtemperature sensitive resistive elements and a second series circuitcomprising the third and fourth temperature sensitive resistive elementsare connected to each other in parallel, and wherein the adjustmentresistor is provided between the third and fourth temperature sensitiveresistive elements in the second series circuit.